The stress marks go after and before syllables. Its the symbol for stress, don’t type an apostrophe.
ˈ this is the primary stress mark, a high vertical line
ˌ this is the secondary stress mark, a low vertical line
Ex:
Broad transcriptions:
How the sounds of speech are made:
Stage 1 - Initiation Stage 2 - Phonation Stage 3 - Articulation With the vocal tract you need to include things above the larynx but not the larynx itself articulation and resonance Power souce for speech sounds Air from lungs - pulmonic airstream mechanism Direction of movement of air Outward - exhaled - egressive The Egressive pulmonic airstream is used in all languages Some languages addtionally use non-pulmonic airstream mechanisms Ingressive velaric airstream - used with clicks in languages The end of the relevant part of the vocal tract is the velum The clicks are a consonant sound Dental click [☉]- tut tut sound Bilabial click [ | ] - is basically the kissing sound with a vowel Alveolar click [ ! ]- like the dental click but with the tongue tip Lateral click [ ‖ ] - sound used to encourage horses If you increase the frequency of the blue wave by a lot the frequency of the purple wave will the wavelength should go down if the wave becomes more frequent because the speed of sound hasn’t changed according to the simulation. Hypothesis: Increase the frequency of the blue wave = purple wave frequency will also go up If we change frequency wavelength will change, if we change wavelength frequency will change, they’re directly related. Simple periodic wave = can be produced with a tuning fork, it has one pitch How do we get a speech sound? Resonance with a trombone Phonation = a complex periodic sound, doesn’t produce pure tones like a tuning fork, some will resonate with the vocal tract, some will not resonate and become quiet Resident frequencies will be selected and result in a speech sound The fundamental frequency (f0) of a speech sound is the pitch of the sound When we talk about the fundamental frequency we write it with a lowercase f. We we talk about formants, we write it with a capital F. When we’re deconstructing complex periodic sounds coming from our vocal folds we can break it down into a bunch of simple periodic sounds, with math or a computer. Harmonics Pitch is the baseline frequency the fundamental frequency of your voice. Pitch is related to your vocal fold vibrations. Formants are amplified resonant frequencies, they’re related to the shape of your vocal tract, which is above the larynx. Source-filter theory The higher amplitude something has, the darker it will look when you have the spectra face on. Wide band spectrogram - Simple periodic wave = one frequency, one sine wave Complex = a lot of simple periodic waves squished together If we have a high pitch sound, the distance between harmonics will be big. Lower pitched voices are more likely to produce clear vowels, because they have so many harmonics in a certain range that it’s likely one or two of them will fit in the peaks of residence. The vocal tract is a variable resonator, we cna change its shape. The frequencies that resonate in a container are the frequencies that ‘fit’ in that container. A standing wave is a wave whose wavelength matches its container (like a flute, a vocal tract, a guitar string). The average human vocal tract length is 17cm. An anti-node always exists at the lips And electrical larynx is used for various things, such as when a stoma is made (a hole in body) in the neck so a person can breathe, such as with severe smokers. Aperiodic sounds = sounds like shh. Fricatives. Look at a graph and tell you if it’s a waveform, spectogram, spectrum, and what the axes are showing us, what fundamental frequency is, what resonance is, souce + filter = speech. The People versus Paul Prinzivalli (1984), like 24 bomb threats in a year. Somebody called in and thought that a guy who worked there and was disillusioned with his job at Pan American Airways was the bomb threat caller, and forensic linguists saw that his New York accent wouldn't have matched up with the caller. Though it's not 100% conclusive this would rule him out. Consonants Voiced: Vertical striations corresponding to vibration of vocal folds Bilabial: Locus of 2nd and 3rd formant low Alveolar: Locus of 2nd formant about 1700-1800 Hz Velar: High 2nd formant locus; velar pinch (common origin of 2nd and 3rd formant) Retroflex: Lowering of third and fourth formant Stop: Gap, followed by burst (voiceless or aspirated stops) or sharp beginning of vowel (voiced stops) Fricative: Random noise, center of the noise depends on place of articulation Nasal: Similar to vowels, but nasal formants around 250, 2500, 3300 Hz Lateral: Similar to vowels, but upper formants reduced in intensity Glide approximant: Similar to vowels but with rapid changes over time