Alternation - when a morpheme appears in different forms in different contexts, it alternates
Preglottizilized - when the vocal cords slam shut before a stop is made
[ - continuant ] → [+ constricted glottis ] / __] word -- voice
Tapping pg. 32 -
Aspiration -
Neutralization -
Phonemicization diagram -
/Phonemes/ - the units that underlying forms (after all morphology has been applied) are made of
[Allophones] - are the units that the actual pronunciations are made of
A phoneme can have just one allophone in a given language, or it can have many
Alternation - when a morpheme has more than one allomorph
When a phoneme surfaces with different allophones in different allomorphs of some morpheme
Contrast - when two sounds are different phonemes, this means there is contrast between them
Minimal Pairs - a case where changing one sound into another changes one word into another
Near-Minimal Pairs -
Natural Classes -
Sonorants are underspecified for delayed release, whether or not something is delayed release or not kind of requires turbulent airflow
Sonorant - when a sound doesn’t have construction in the vocal tract, deals with vowels
Obstruent - when a sound has tight construction in the vocal tract, deals with consonants
Frontness/backness (“advancement”) and height have three degrees:
Frontness, Backness: front, central, back
[±front], [±back]
Height: high, mid, low
[±high], [±low]
Round vowels [±round] are made with rounded lips; [-round] vowels are made without rounded lips.
In English we have a tense lax distinction, the articulatory basis for [tense] is not completely clear.
Most [-tense] vowels can’t occur at the end of a word or before another vowel.
Consonants divided into 3 major classes
3 major classes based on their active articulator
Places of Articulation
[+Labial] - active articulator is lip(s) - Bilabial, labiodental
[+Coronal] - active articulator is tongue tip or blade - dental, alveolar, palato-alveolar, retroflex
[+Dorsal] - active articulator is tongue body - palatal, velar, uvular
(3) Can you think of a consonant in English that is both [+Labial] and [+Dorsal]?
Lower lip can raise to the upper lip to the teeth to make constrictions
[w] - labial velar glottal
IPA Chart Flashcards (quizlet)
Coronals
[+anterior] - passive articulator is alveolar ridge or further forward (teeth)
[-anterior] - passive articulator is behind alveolar ridge
[+distributed] - (unhelpful name) active articulator is tongue blade – a longer stretch of the tongue
[-distributed] - active articulator is tongue tip – a short stretch of the tongue
[+strident] - applies only to fricatives and affricates, the airstream, after passing through the constriction, hits the back of the teeth, causing extra turbulence and hence extra loudness
Only coronal fricatives and affricates can be [+strident] (but not all of them are)
Laryngeal features
[+voice] - vocal folds are vibrating
[+spread glottis] - vocal folds are spread wide apart (though may not be as wide as breathing)
[+constricted glottis] - vocal folds are pressed together
Feature matrix - a feature matrix in the target or environment of a rule describes a natural class
It is a list of features that describe a speech sound segment
Feature matrices pl.
Phonological representations - underlying forms, surface forms, intermediate form in derivation
Mid-Vowel Raising (MVR)
Minus low, plus syllable, goes to plus high, plus tense, when the stress is minused
[-low +syll] → ǁ+high +tenseǁ / when [-stress]
Low-Vowel Raising (LVR)
Plus low, plus syllable, goes to minus low and minus tense when the stress is removed
[+low +syll] → ǁ-low -tenseǁ / when [-stress]
Palatalization (PAL)
Minus delayed release, and plus coronal goes to plus delayed release, minus continuant and plus distribution
Rules/ Ordering Relations:
Feeding
Counter-feeding
Bleeding
Counterbleeding
Devoicing (DEV)
[-sonorant] → ǁ-voiceǁ / [-voice]_
Epentheses (EP)
EPENTHESIS: Ø → i / [-sonorant, -continuant] – { [-syllabic] ]word }
-son
-cont
= are affricate stops
{ } - curly brackets mean “or”, curly braces are not wanted in phonology because they denote ambiguity with a rule and you want a clear cut answer
Velar softening: k --> s /__{ɪ,ɑɪ}
Velar softening was borrowed from Latin and only works with certain suffixes